"Inducted into hall of fame," National Post, January 6, 2001, pg. [24] During the Sikh Empire, many Khatris formed the military vanguard of the Khalsa Army and its administrative class as Dewans of all the provinces. These Kapoors belong to the Punjabi region. In earlier times there was no rigidity in caste system. They are used by various caste groups, such as Brahmins, Kammas, and Velamas in the south Indian state. Gaddi is an amalgamation of various groups such as Khatris, Rajputs, Brahmins etc. Indian caste system is the best system to solve the problem of division of labor. The Amils then started to recruit members from the general Khatris and Lohanas. They are wholly occupied in trade and form numerous portion of the population of all the cities and towns, and are also to be found in the majority of large villages. However, when very low caste sikhs migrated to countries such as the US, Canada and the UK, they thought of it as a chance to start a clean slate where people would not be able to identify their caste. [165], Khatris claim that they are Kshatriyas. This exodus opened new opportunities for them. Many use this surname. Rao is present in the states of Goa, Andhra Pradesh, and Orissa too. He, therefore, retired towards Punjab and Iran. In Arbi, Pharsi, Pashto (Persian), Punjabi, Urdu and Hindi:- 'Bhoolna' means to Forget. 344-362, The University of Chicago Press/ quote: "Although Bachitar Natak is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, there is a strong case to be made for regarding it as the work of one of his followers", The Cosmic Drama: Bichitra Natak, Author Gobind Singh, Publisher Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy of the U.S.A., 1989, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Blame caste for Pakistan's violent streak, not faith", "No reciprocation? The last name is primarily found in Asia, where 93 percent of Dhruv reside; 91 percent reside in South Asia and 91 percent reside in Indo-South Asia. [137], In the 1830s, Khatris were working as governors in the districts like Bardhaman, Lahore, Multan, Peshawar and Hazara, but independent from the Mughal rule. They are Rajputs, generally in the mercantile or business upper class. Dheer (also spelled as Dhir) is a surname found among the Brahmins and Khatris of Punjab. Nambudiri or Namboothiri is a dominant surname in the State of Kerala, belonging to Brahmin and higher caste profile. Thng tin du lch Tt. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dheer_(surname)&oldid=1151358801, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 14:53. [7], They are said to be originated from Heer Syala place. They are Hindus of Khatri class and are found all over Afghanistan even amongst the wildest tribes. Malhotras are also the Khatri community. [40], John Stratton Hawley and Mann clarify that although the word "Khatri" derives from the word "Kshatriya", in Punjab's context Khatri refers to a "cluster of merchant castes including Bedis, Bhallas and Sodhis". Another famous Kapoor family of Bollywood is from Surinder Kapoor. [63][2] The Aroras spoke Jatki language which is the 9th century version of Saraiki (Multani) according to Ibbetson. Historically, palm wine or toddy is their caste occupation. Ahulwalias are spread around Northwestern India and Pakistan. So, let us learn all about them today. [34] This change is not only accepted in Prakrit but in all Indian vernaculars derived by it such as Gujarati, Urdu, Gurumukhi as well as Persian. [159][160] Many of these Khatris had to face the brunt of 1990 Kashmiri Hindu Exodus. This licence was later revoked in 1800 due to pressure from the British, after a deal was struck between the Khatris and the East India Company, in which the Khatris would weave only for the EIC until certain quotas were met. Ganguly surname, otherwise called Gonguly or Gangopadhyay, are considered descendants of the Brahmin community. Answer (1 of 10): Prasad is a surname, originally and mostly used by Kayasthas of Bihar, U.P. [111][112][113][114][115] The Tanks have been stated to be Khatris by some scholars, although others have stated the Tanks were Rajputs.,[116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126] or even a Jat[127] He started as a menial but rose to the level of a noble in the Delhi Sultan's family and became the Governor of Gujrat. Singh, Gulcharan (October 1976), "General Hari Singh Nalwa", The Sikh Struggle in the Eighteenth Century and Its Relevance for Today, W. H. McLeod, History of Religions, Vol. They are ancestors of Arora. H.A. Her population is 2,640 in Patiala district. This is a common surname in all south Indian states. [194] They worship Hinglaj Mata, Chandi Mata, Shiva, Hanuman and Vishnu's avatars. A true Sikh martyr: Jonathan Kay on the 10th anniversary of the assassination of Tara Singh Hayer by Jonathan Kay. All castes sub castes are primarily divided into 4 categories: 1.Brahmins - The learned or priestly class Sorry, we couldn't find geographic distribution information for Dheer. [22], Her population is 3,441 in Amritsar district.[23]. Either they used it as Heer or Heera or Bhangu only. The effects of mechanisation, usually financed and run by higher caste groups, has caused this change and government recognition of the issues has led to them . Jats of the Bhangu gotra are descendants of the Heir. The name is derived from their native place Aror and the community comprises both Hindus and Sikhs. Although Jones also classifies Khatris as one of the Vaishya caste of Punjabi Hindus, he shows that their social status was higher than the Arora, Suds and Baniyas in the 19th century Punjab. [5] His son, Dayal Das Dhir was martyred during a battle against the Mughals in Amritsar. While some historians agree with the claim of Khatris to be of Kshatriya varna,[166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174] many others don't. The popular actors covering this family after Prithviraj Kapoor include Raj Kapoor, Rishi, Randhir, Rajiv Kapoor, Kareena, Karishma, and Ranbir Kapoor. [13], Her () gotra has originated from Heers who had maternal relations with Bhullars. Dheer Name Meaning. They as well as the Muslim and Kunbi weavers purchased imported yarn in the 1840s. Rose[19] writes that Her ( ), Aher ( ), or Porawal ()., the third of the group of Jat tribes which includes the Bhullar and Man also. Even a well known Sanskrit scholar too. In "Kushana Studies in USSR. Almost all the jains use the surname, which is dominant and popular in western India. [18]. Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for Dheer, Browse profiles of historical people with the Dheer last name, This page needs Javascript enabled in order to work properly. All other complications of life are meaningless for me, and I set my heart on the path of righteousness. Katta sur name belongs to Kapu caste (Balija Naidu/Telaga/Ontari) and Godavari districts'Setti Balija caste of Andhra pradesh . Let us know your thoughts! They are related to Heir gotra. They associate themselves with the Ahri Clan. The name belongs to the Kshatriya community. This means the epithet of God Kartikeya. Das is there in several states such as Bengal, Assam, Orissa, and other nearby regions. [105], Khatri standards of literacy and caste status were such during the early years of Sikhism that, according to W. H. McLeod, they dominated it. Anand means happiness or joy. Occupation can tell you about your ancestor's social and economic status. They are mainly present around East and Northern India too. Kashyaps original roots are from Brahmins. The Allu and Mega Konidela families belong to the Tollywood movie industry. However, they are mainly from the North and Western regions too. Slowly castes are getting invisible to be identified by surnames. They formed the majority of Khatris and were deemed superior. It is a Punjabi surname and means a paymaster. Hir () is a Muhammadan Jat clan found in Montgomery (doubtless Her). [199] Khatris and Brahmins opposed "the demand that the Sikhs set aside the distinctive customs of their castes and families, including the older rituals. The Indian surnames have a different significance globally, given that, unlike in other countries, they are determined by either castes, tribes, communities, occupational histories, or place of birth. Naidu is another popular surname in the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The Brahmin, whose task is to master and impart knowledge and administer sacrifices, have the highest rank. They are also present in Kerala. I am son of a Chhatri (Khatri), not of a Brahmin and I will live according to my Dharma. They are spread across India right now. [38] As per Dr. GS Mansukhani and RC Dogra, "Khatri appears to be unquestionably a Prakritised form of Sanskrit word Kshatriya. Main page; Contents; Current events; Random article; About Wikipedia; Contact us; Donate They have been ruling the industry for quite a long. When the first caravan of Muslim weavers arrived in Benaras, the Khatri, who were considered low-caste Hindus at the time, helped them. It is also the 15,801 st most commonly occurring forename throughout the world. it also belongs to the great kamma . The Jat Gotra 'Heer' and 'Her' are the same. This was followed by Sareen Khatris who formed a minority. Subsequently, all the Sikh religious leaders or Gurus were Khatris. A combination of enterprise, articulation, and strategic closeness to the national capital which, in itself, was becoming a major growth hub - created conditions for Khatri capital to flourish in the post-Partition period. See More: American Family Names and Surnames. In the genealogical tables they are supposed to belong to the Yadu dynasty and Ahai was the grandson of Yadu. [1] The Dhirs of Kapurthala are descended from Baba Mahya , who was the Guru (teacher) of Guru Amards of the Sikhs , and is still revered at Dhir weddings. "[66], Apart from Punjab, Khatris arrived in Delhi and Haryana among other regions after the partition where they make up 9% and 8.0% of the population respectively. So here we go with the top famous and popular surnames and last names in India with meanings! Many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to Britain and Ireland. [108][109][110], The Gujarat Sultanate (1407-1523) was a medieval Muslim dynasty founded by Zafar Khan Muzaffar, a member of the Tank caste originally from South Punjab. At the time of his death, the western boundary of the empire was Jamrud. Adani is another business magnet surname we know. [13], A Peshkari Khatri family in Hyderabad State would become part of the Hyderabadi nobility and occupy the post of Prime Minister of Hyderabad. So technically, this wasnt a family name for very long, and it started becoming a family name in South Indians very recently. In Assam, the Kaibarta, the Patni, the Koch-Rajbanshi, and other scheduled caste communities also use Das as their surname. B.6. Copy. For example, Sanskrit words kshetra, kshama, laksha, iksha turns into kheta, khama, lakha and ikha respectively. Christophe Jaffrelot explains the attraction of these trading castes to the Arya Samaj as a means of social mobility associated with their prosperity during the British rule. Hari is even commonly used for God. The name means a new way of life. [131][pageneeded][132][pageneeded] In the Sikh Empire, Hari Singh Nalwa (17911837) an Uppal Khatri from Gujranwala, became the Commander-in-chief of the Sikh Khalsa Army. Hence, the change from Kshatriya to Khatri is in consonance with the Prakrit rule and Hindi usage. Gujarat, besides the other states such as Chhattisgarh, Haryana also has the surname Modi. VIII-Part II Bombay Presidency Statistical Tables", "Census of India, 1931, Vol. Daughters were married into both Hindu and Sikh families according to the Khatri sub-hierarchy rules. Dale believes that Khatris had possibly been travelling from Punjab via caravans since the era of Ziauddin Barani (around 1300 AD). [162], Anthropologist Karve, based on the post-Independence research of castes by a in Konkan, Maharashtra, classified Marathi Khatris[a] as one of the "professional/advanced castes" as they were doctors, engineers, clerks, lawyers, teachers, etc. [12][13][14] They were the dominant commercial and financial administration class of Late-Medieval India,[14] some in Punjab often belonged to hereditary agriculturalist land-holding lineages,[15][16] while others were engaged in artisanal occupations such as silk production and weaving[17][18][19][20] and some were scribes learned in Persian. [1][62] Highest percentage concentration of Khatris (excluding Aroras) were in Potohar regions of Jhelum and Rawalpindi[61] In NWFP, the Khatris were found mainly in Peshawer and Hazara. As the name suggests directly in South Indian languages, Raju means King and are from the Kshatriya caste group. [134][pageneeded], Dewan Mokham Chand (1750-1814) became one of the most distinguished leaders of the Khalsa Army. It is very difficult to recogonize this gotra in any of the Sanskrit Vedas. [195][196] They are both vegetarian and non-vegetarian depending on their affiliations with the sects of Vaishnavism and Shaktism respectively. Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). There were Aryas, mainly during the Kings rule, who are well-educated communities. However, most Chabras are in Punjab. Adhikari is generally officer castes surnames. [17]. She quotes a translation from a Marathi publication that gave a Brahminic opinion of this attempt: Everyone does what he wants, Sonars have become Brahmins, Treemungalacharya was insulted by throwing cowdung at him in Pune, but he has no shame and still calls himself a Brahmin. But when it comes to Heer, it is not so easy to identify it as a Gotra when used as Heer, Hari or Har. [53] As per Stephen Dale, the children born out of Indo-Turkic alliance was sufficient to form an Agrizhan suburb in the city. [25]. Basu is another popular Surname in Bengal. Might be because of that they got their name as 'Bhoolar' or 'Bhular'. Das is a common surname among Bengali Kayastha apart from other Bengali communities. Maharashtra. Another sub-group of Khatris include Khukhrain which had split up from the bunjayees. According to 1911 census, the Heer were one of the principal Muslim Jat clans with Population in Sialkot District (73), Lahore District (376), Amritsar District (74), Gujrat District (1,451), Shahpur (Sargodha District) District (553), Mianwali District (1,034), Jhang District (584). [140][141][142] In Hyderabad, around the mid-20th century, Khatris and Padmasalis were the leading "Hindu weaving castes" who owned 43% of the looms. [192], The vast majority of Khatris are Hindu. [183] Some scholars consider castes in north India, like Khatri and Kayastha to be merchant castes who claim higher status to befit the educational and economic progress they made in the past. Like a window into their day-to-day life, Dheer census records can tell you where and how your ancestors worked, their level of education, veteran status, and more. They, too, belong to Maharashtra or Gujarat. They are popularly present around Punjab, MP, UP, and Delhi. [2] The word "Dhir" translates to brave. Heron Khurd is village in Budhlada tahsil in Mansa district in Punjab. Hence, they are popular in Bengal. After Timur attacked the city, people fled to Gujarat and it became independent. Madhya Pradesh. Might be then after they start using their gotra as 'Her' from 'Heer'. Some adopted the surnames of their villages such as Gill and Rai, originally Jatt surnames, or close derivatives such as Shergill and Kalirai . The famous lyricist and writer Gulzar Saheb belong to the Sikh family of present-day Pakistan. Similar to Iyer, Iyengar is also a brahmin upper caste community in the state of Tamil Nadu. [130] Sardar Gulab Singh Khatri founded the Dallewallia Misl, an independent 18th century Sikh sovereign state in Ludhiana and Jalandhar district that would later on join Maharaja Ranjit Singh's kingdom. [61] The Khatris spoke Hindko and Potohari language. Ramadan Craft Ideas: 9 DIY Crafts to Elevate Your Eid al-Fitr , 15 Majestic Lion Coloring Pages for Kids of All Ages, 15 Best Tiger Coloring Pages for Kids and Adults in 2023, Japanese Surnames: 100 Popular Last Names Meanings, Origins, 50 Best of Funny Boy Names Ideas With Meanings, Asian Baby Names: 80+ Best & Cute Name Ideas For Your Child, Top 70 Indian Celebrity Baby Names with Meanings, 155 Best Telugu Names List for Baby Girls with Meanings, Marathi Baby Names: 150+ Best Marathi Names For Boys & Girls, Halter Neck Dresses 35 Trending Designs with Styling Guide, 20 Stunning Cotton Churidar Designs for Comfortable Feel, 10 Best Telugu Birthday Songs to Make Your Wishes Extra Special, 20 Trending Blue Shirts Collection for Men and Women, 15 Stunning Designs of Silk Skirts for Ladies in Fashion, White Shoes for Men & Women 15 New Designs for Classy Look. [93][94], According to scholars, the Khatri Hindus dominated the weaving industry in Benaras. He also notes that common mythologies found among Khatris and Lohanas. Ahuja mainly belongs to Punjabis and Sikhs. Gowda is another prevalent surname in several Karnataka regions. They are dominant in Bengal, Assam, and Orissa too. The Chopra surname comes from Punjabi regions, which now even extends to Pakistan after Partition. They used to be in the administrative works during Kings rule back then. They mean tortoise and deer. We all have heard the surname Gandhi. Stylesatlife.com is your ultimate lifestyle destination and personal guide invites you to take a tour of exclusive information on Beauty, Health, Fashion, Relationships, Celebrities, Travel, Food, Parenting and more. Heer ()[1] Hir ()[2] Heir () Her ()[3][4][5] Hayer () Haer () is gotra of Jats found in Punjab (India), Haryana and Pakistan. Bhangus are not from Bhangi Misl as asumed. The surname is the 96,494 th most common family name worldwide It is held by approximately 1 in 1,478,804 people. They are among the famous family name in Tollywood and South Indian industry. Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). Bayly further describes the Khatris as a "caste title of north Indians with military and scribal traditions". These products were often exported to east Africa. In short day by day higher castes are disappearing and lower castes are prospering. They are family names that came down from the royal ancient times when the family person is appointed as Diwan, the highest official of the region. Shetty is from the state of Karnataka. The surname is found among the members of the Baidya caste. The Bachchan family belongs to Uttar Pradesh native. [2] The word "Dhir" translates to brave. Most commonly observed among Punjabis, Khatris also are Jaat's. The Jain surname itself means those who are from the Jain religious community. Khatri-Arora marriages are not unknown nowadays. [193] Hindu-Sikh intermarriages among Khatris and Aroras were common in the cities of Peshawar and Rawalpindi. [184]The Saraswat Brahmins are the purohits of Khatris and accept gifts only from them. [52] According to Kiran Datar, they often married Tatar local women in Astrakhan and the children from these marriages were known as Agrijan. A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. Zacharia is a popular Christina Hebrew surname in the state of Kerala. See More: Best Indian Celebrity Baby Names. There are 642 immigration records available for the last name Dheer. Although lesser used as surnames these days, Arya is of Sanskrit origin, which means powerful or honorable man. This is the family name, and the native is Andhra Pradesh. Her population is 3,603 in Ludhiana district. The Bhatts are a Hindu religion brahmin or priest community. They are the Marwaris community, native to Rajasthan state. Dheer is also the 109,257 th most commonly held first name world . This migrant population is also referred to as refugee and sharnarthi () in a derogatory manner by some locals. Mukherjee means chief, principal or teacher. The Indian business magnet ShivNadar is from the Nadar community of Tamil Nadu. Since then, they have produced leading entities in fields of pharmaceuticals, two-wheelers, tractors, paper, tyre-making and hotels with the groups of Ranbaxy, Hero, Mahindra, Ballarpur Industries, Apollo Tyres and Oberoi respectively. They are dominant castes, seen as a form of royalty. Only a meager 5% received "grossly undervalued claims against their properties in shape of very poorly cultivable land, while remaining 95% though entitled for compensation could not get any thing to sustain". They belong to the Rajput Kshatriya community. Gulzar is a Sikh family surname. Aggarwal or Aggarwel or Agarwal is a popular North Indian surname. It technically means Child Krishna. [1] [2] The Rauts are mainly found in the Chhattisgarh state, and the neighbouring states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. We all know Anil and Mukesh Ambani and their business empire. [6] Dilip Singh Ahlawat has mentioned it as one of the ruling Jat clans in Central Asia. He quotes Ibbetson who states that the Punjabi Khatris who held prominent military and civil posts were traditionally different from the Aroras, Suds or Baniyas who were rural, of low status and mostly commercial. [4] Dhirs of Batala moved there before the end of Akbar's reign as soldiers. The Bhatt family (from Mahesh Bhatt, Alia Bhatt) is among other popular Bollywood surnames. Nadar is dominant in Tamil Nadu. Kohli belongs to the Khatri clan. [147][148], In the early 19th century, the Khatris, Bhatias and Lohanas were the main trading castes in Rajasthan, Delhi, Agra, Sind and Punjab. They are around Jammu, Kashmir, Punjab, and Delhi provinces. [16] This clan is the Her clan of the Jats. It is also the 8,138 th most frequently used first name throughout the world, held by 127,879 . For example Aulakh is used as Olak or Olakh, Bains is used as Vains or Vais, Virk is used as Birk or Birka, Takhar is used as Tukhrak etc. What do you think? It is evident in Guru Granth Sahib, which on the one hand rises above the Hindu caste paradigm and on the other hand seeks to portray the Khatri gurus as a group of warrior-defenders of their faith, just as with the Kshatriya varna. In the mid-1770s, the Mughal governor granted the Kunbi rivals rights to manufacture saris. Scheduled caste Population Caste Subgroups Ad Dharmi: 412 Aheria: 5,5666 Badi: 15,833 Bagri, Bagdi: 64,334 Berwa, Bairwa # 1st : 1,260,686 Bajgar: 911 Balai: 708,518 . [149] Banking, trading and business were considered "traditional occupations of the Khatri in Rajasthan". Bhai Bula, a Dhir Khatri was a dedicated Sikh of the time of Guru Arjan Sahib. Ruins of Bhulller era are spread over an area of 12 miles near Fort Abbas in Bahawalpur State. They are also business communities from Gujarat. The Jat Gotras, Maan, Bhullar and Heer are considered to be the Oldest and Purest Jat gotras. Many Indian surnames are related to the caste system. The surname, however, is used by various Khatri community members and belongs to a mercantile class. As per a survey conducted by Maharishi Dayanand University, the migrant population were forced to live in camps under open sky. Initial name starting with " K " & respective gotrams =====> 1 Kaakara Pottunula 2 Kaalapi Vallutla 3 Kaalinni Pogunulla 4 Kaapa Gunola 5 Kaarasaala Yemunulla, Vemunulla, Venulla 6 Kaarasaani Kagithala, Pamidichukkala . Now a days most of the 'Heer-Bhangus' do not use their complete surmane as 'Heer-Bhangu'. This is mainly a surname by the Brahmin caste associated with Orissa. Jats of Heer Gotra are residing in many Villages of Hoshiarpur, such as :- Purheeran, Dadyal, Moranwali, Singhpur, Haripur, Adampur, Shergarh, Heerapur, Bajwara, Mehatpur, Mahilpur, Halluwal etc. Varma is a prevalent North Indian surname. They belong to a few regions in Maharashtra, Gujarat and are also a native of UP. It is among popular Indian surnames starting with k. Lal is mostly around Delhi, UP, and Bihar states. Similarly, according to the same legend, the Sodhi sub-caste claims descent from Lav, the other son of Rama. They are also called Bose. Their home appears to lie north of the Sutlej and they are found in considerable numbers under the hills from Ambala in the east to Gujrat in the west, and throughout the whole upper valley of that river. I humbly beseech thee God Almighty that when the time comes for me to fulfill my Dharma, may I die with honour in the field of battle. She states that their traditional professions were silk weaving and working as merchants although they had entered other professions later. A Punjabi organisation had approached the Haryana government with a demand to ban both words and to enact a law on the lines of the SC/ST Act with similar penalties. Does surname Menda Belongs to schedule caste in vishakhapattanam? The Chhatri caste's purpose is to protect the oppressed from the aggression of the oppressors". When the older Khatri community of Gujarat started prospering, they also started calling themselves "Brahmakshatriya", causing the new Khatri community to panic and adopt the name "Nayar Brahmakshatriyas" for themselves. [95][96], In Bengal, Burdwan Raj (16571955) was a Khatri dynasty, which gained a high social position for Khatris in the region resulting in greater migration of Khatris from North to Bengal. Most Malhotra is around from Punjab, UP, and Delhi. 2021-11-04 00:39:24. In Punjab, the Kshatriya castes who were ritually higher than the Aroras and Khatris had been disempowered and thus the Brahmins who had lost their patrons had to turn to these non-Kshatriya castes. He introduced an entirely new system of revenue and taxation known as zabt and dahshala respectively. [133][pageneeded] He led the Sikh conquests of Kasur, Sialkot, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, Peshawar and Jamrud. Chakrabarti is another popular surname in East India, which means emperor or ruler. Worship of totemistic symbols such as snakes and trees used to be common among them. As a custom, the Dhirs of Ludhiana feast a woman from the Sidhu clan of Jats on the occasion of a birth of a son.[3]. [15], Emperor Jahangir in his autobiography Jahangirnama while talking about the castes, he observed "The second highest caste (after Brahmins in the caste system) is the Chhatri which is also known as Khattri. This family, too, is related to the Rajasthan, Punjab, and Peshawar Pakistan regions, and the popular actors include Anil Kapoor, Boney Kapoor, Arjun, Sonam, Jahnvi, and Khushi Kapoor. Antony is a Christian surname in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Rose Vol II/H, Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Chapter IV, Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study)/Jat Clan in India, http://www.news1130.com/news/local/more.jsp?content=20090223_181612_5112, http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Kargil/1069-Kargil-Awards.html, http://www.ipni.org/ipni/authorsearchpage.do, The Challenge of Change: Military Institutions and New Realities, 1918-1941, http://www.bridgend-powcamp.fsnet.co.uk/General%20der%20Panzertruppe%20Traugott%20Herr.htm, Conservatives' Calgary fortress resists change, http://translate.google.co.in/translate?hl=en&sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlfred_Heer, http://www.jatland.com/w/index.php?title=Heer&oldid=340007.
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