In recent decades, political participation amongst Property damage was in the millions of dollars. However, most participants are not activists for these causes. They pointed out that the political participation of females has always been less than males. Civil society depends on social networks, based on trust and goodwill, that form between friends and associates and allow them to work together to achieve common goals. Those who give money are more likely to gain access to candidates when they are in office. The main reason for voting in the elections according to gender was practicing the constitutional right. with (49.5 per cent) for males and (20.4 per cent) for females. (1995), Cohen and Dawson (1993) discussed the factors affecting political participation. They work for political parties or candidates, organize campaign events, and discuss issues with family and friends. What are the major factors that affect beliefs? While one of the studies atrributed it to the negative perception of women regarding their role in leadership positions, their low self-confidence and lack of their equal rights with men (Dababneh, 2012, p. 215). Moreover, they are still reluctant to vote in national and local elections. People with higher education are more likely to participate It can be concluded that the difference in age groups affects political participation. Womens full and effective political participation is a matter of human Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) have also concluded that the difference of regions within the same country and the ethnic or racial diversity affect voting in elections. Turnout in states that have Election Day registration averages ten points higher than in the rest of the country (Wolfinger & Rosenstone, 1980). Direct link to taylor512's post can these political belie, Posted 3 years ago. Once a candidate gets on the ballot, she must organize a campaign, solicit volunteers, raise funds, and garner press coverage. Racial tensions sparked by a video of police beating Rodney King in 1991 and the subsequent acquittal of the officers at trial resulted in the worst riots ever experienced in Los Angeles. The ratio of voting in the category (less than 500 dinar) was low, but, the ratio of voting for the other two categories was high. Privacy Policy 8. Globalization has influenced American politics by increasing the extent to which the United States influences, and is influenced by, the values of other countries. Direct mail appeals by single-issue groups for contributions aimed especially at more affluent Americans are targeted methods of mobilizing people. The survey was conducted on the students of the three Jordanian universities (Jordan, Al-Al Bayt, and Mu'tah), to identify the impact of gender, age, family income and regional affiliation on the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections: Table I shows the results of the analysis of the public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to the gender. Voters in midterm elections choose all the members of the US House of Representatives and one-third of the Senate, along with office holders at the state and local levels. Youth political engagement in Australia and the United States: student councils and volunteer organizations as communities of practice, Studying oil, islam, and women as if political institutions mattered, Womens engagement in politics in the year of the woman, Politics of presence: women in the house and symbolic representation, Political participation of the urban poor, The impact of country characteristics on civic knowledge and political participation, Politikon: Iapss Journal of Political Science, The impact of political parties on the 2007 Jordanian parliamentary elections, The factors affecting the women political participations in Jordanian parliamentary elections (2003-2013), Increasing womens political participation: the role of women-friendly districts, Gender differences in political participation: comparing street demonstrators in Sweden and the United Kingdom, Economic inequality and democratic political engagement, Youth and Political Parties in Jordan, Amman, Knowing and caring about politics: gender and political engagement, No Easy Choose: Political Participation in Developing Countries. The more the family income varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. These amendments aimed at increasing the ratio of women's representation and voting, by granting equal rights for women to vote and run in elections, such as a quota in Parliament. Young people, in particular, used social media, like Facebook, to organize online on behalf of candidates. Thus, there was a difference in the ratio voting of Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the category of family income. Forty-nine percent of the voting-age public cast a ballot in the 1924 presidential contest, the same percentage as in 1996. (2023), "Factors affecting political participation (Jordanian universities students' voting: field study 2017-2018)", Review of Economics and Political Science, Vol. WebFactors influencing women political participation: The case of the SADC region. 7 No. Moreover, in 2016 further amendments were conducted. Now lets look at other determinants of what affects voter turnout. Although the political participation base expanded in Jordan, youth remained reluctant to participate in elections. Soon after the verdict was announced, riots broke out. The more educated are better able to transmit their political interest and knowledge to their children and to the people of their neighbourhood. Putnam, R. D., Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? It was noted that male students were the most Jordanian university students voting in the elections with (66.2 per cent). Lawless and Fox (2001) and Cohen and Dawson (1993) linked between income levels (wealth, social well-being, money and economic development) and political participation. Level of modernization and urbanization 5. Maybe you coach a little league team, visit seniors at a nursing home, or work at a homeless shelter. More voters were mobilized during this period of political upheaval in which people focused on issues of race relations, social welfare, and the Vietnam War (Piven & Cloward, 2000). The present study focuses on four factors: gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation. The race was open, as there was no incumbent candidate, and voters felt they had an opportunity to make a difference. Other forms of protest behavior include marking public spaces with graffiti, demonstrating, and boycotting. According to conventional wisdom, education is supposed to increases civic skills and political knowledge that functions as the causal mechanisms triggering The survey was conducted in the academic year 2018-2019 and the questionnaire was used to collect the data after being reviewed by two jurors Peer Reviewers from Cairo University and Al-Al Bayt. So, the Palestinians had the right to vote in Jordanian national and local elections. Taking part in the political processes which lead to the selection of political leaders or determine or influence public policy is generally known as political participation. However,thereareotherswho In spite of the dissemination of civil society institutions after 1989, awareness of civil culture and political participation was still poor (Tillian, 2011, pp.1-2). It acts as a powerful reference group in its own right. Brady, H.E., Verba, S. and Schlozman, K.L. Modes of participation 7. Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE), Young Voters in the 2010 Elections, http://www.civicyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/2010-Exit-Poll-FS-Nov-17-Update.pdf. The survey was conducted in the academic year 2018-2019. 53 No. The nine factors influencing political participation are as follows: 1. People take part in support activities on behalf of a cause, which can lead to greater involvement. Political participation of females in most societies is less than that of males, not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of Jordanians students. Ballots can be invalidated if they are not properly marked by voters or are not read by antiquated voting machines. We saw the three cleavages affecting voter turnout, which were a mix of internal and external factors. WebIn democratic Female politicians are more likely to concentrate on problems that matter more to women such as daycare, gender equality, reproductive rights, elderly care and childrens welfare. Although the percentage of people running for and holding public office appears small, there are many opportunities to serve in government. Extensive e-mail listservs keep protestors and sympathizers in contact between demonstrations. Flanigan, W. H. and Nancy H. Zingale, Political Behavior of the American Electorate, 9th ed. The ratio of voting within the category (Palestinians) was low. WebIn particular, the level of criminal violence greatly impacts 1) citizens decision to participate politi- cally, 2) their forms of participation, and 3) the logic of their vote choice. Although its participants thought of them as political protests, the news media presentation rarely gave that point of view. Webare political factors which lead to marginalize students participating in the political sphere. Rakka twin peaks and voter registration CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. The United States is one of the few democracies that requires citizens to register themselves rather than having the government take responsibility for automatically registering them. As there are differences in voter turnout ratio according to age groups, the voting ratio in the age group (23 less than 18years old) was low. They concluded that the social and economic factors such as (gender, age, education, place of residence, family, tribal affiliation, unemployment, income, poverty, TOS 7. As one would expect, those with higher levels of education and income are the most likely to contribute. Others contend that the integrity of the democratic process is at stake and that individuals should not be denied a fundamental right once they have served their time. Midwestnerd Jingle Bell 5K run CC BY 2.0. In addition, they pointed out that there were some political factors affected voting in elections, such as the constitutional right to vote, performance of the elected councils and candidates, political trust, party activities, etc. Moreover, The Constitution guarantees appointment in government institutions with integrity (Article 23). People can work in an election campaign, contact public officials, circulate a petition, join a political organization, and donate money to a candidate or a cause. No other political activity allows the opinions of more people to be represented than voting. They concluded that the sociopolitical interest of young females could help to overcome this problem, education could be one of the solutions, as political participation of females increases, when they are aware that political events would directly affect their lives. Much is made about low levels of voter turnout for presidential elections in the current era. Homana (2018), Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Solt (2008), Atkeson (2003), Lawless and Fox (2001), Koch (1997), Brady et al. The study population contained three Jordanian universities representing the various segments of the Jordanian society: Al-Al Bayt University (Northern Region), Jordanian University (Central Region) and Mu'tah University (Southern Region). Opinions are divided on this issue. What would happen if both parents had two different political ideologies for example- MOM- Democrat and Dad - Republican? Some of them. Therefore, this study examines the factors affecting the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, focusing on some social and economic factors and examining the reasons for voting or not voting, which relates to the performance of the elected councils and the effectiveness of their members. Rock the Vote (RTV), a nonpartisan youth mobilization organization, established the first online voter registration initiative in 1992 with official backing from the Congressional Internet Caucus. The major criterion remains voting in elections which is consistently somewhat higher than the other measures. (2018), The impact of country characteristics on civic knowledge and political participation, Politikon: Iapss Journal of Political Science, Vol. (2011), Youth and Political Parties in Jordan, Amman, Al Rai Center for Studies, Jordan. Studying gender in US politics: where do we go from here? Political participation in Jordan is the practice of citizens for their right to influence the political decision, by running for elected councils such as the chamber of deputies, the Council of Trade Unions, the municipal councils and administrative bodies in civil society organizations, as well as voting in elections, whether they were parliamentary or local elections. 7, No. Copyright 10. At least ten states prohibit former felons from voting even after they have served their time. In the USA, the participation of the youth in elections is very low. 37, pp. They can post their views on blogs and energize their supporters using Facebook groups that provide information about how to get involved. the USA estrangement about engagement in electoral campaigns and community participation. Other barriers are structural. Political scientists measure how US political behavior, attitudes, and ideologies are shaped by a number of factors over time. High socio-economic status is conducive for an increase in the overall amount of political participation. Up to 70 percent of members of single-issue groups show their support solely by making monetary contributions (Putnam, 2000). In brief, political participation refers to all those activities which influence the decision-making process. Brady et al. Although the democratic transition in many developing countries and the legislative amendments, which granted more rights and freedom for womens participation in politics, there was still a gender gap stemming from the differences in voting between males and females as well as the low voting turnout of women in elections. Moreover, the reason for not voting was the ineffectiveness of the performance of elected local councils with (20.3 per cent) for the Jordanians and Inefficiency of candidates for such councils with (38.4 per cent) for the (Palestinians). Political participation is action that influences the distribution of social goods and values (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993). The more the family income varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of high-income students. Homana (2018) and Oliver (2016) indicated the impact of age on political participation. 46 No. In addition to the requirement that voters must be eighteen years of age, states can enforce residency requirements that mandate the number of years a person must live in a place before being eligible to vote. Moreover, the electoral system of the country affects the political participation of women. People can also participate outside the electoral processvoting and election campaign. In addition, there are political factors which lead to marginalize students participating in the political sphere. Thus, the ratio of voting in the elections differed according to the difference between poor and rich people, where the ratio of voters who have wealth and enjoy social welfare is high. New media provide novel opportunities for political participation, such as using Facebook to campaign for a candidate and Twitter to keep people abreast of a protest movement. It included respecting of human rights, popular participating in political life, etc. Nahar, G. and Humaidan, R. (2013), The factors affecting the women political participations in Jordanian parliamentary elections (2003-2013), International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. WebVCU Scholars Compass | Virginia Commonwealth University Research In this political system, participation by the individual in political activity is considered a virtue, a sign of political health and the best method of ensuring ones private interests. Over 70 percent of Minnesota voters cast ballots in the 2008 presidential election compared with 51 percent in Hawaii and West Virginia (McDonald). It depends upon a variety of factors that influence it. So, the voting was in favor of male students. Therefore, the present study focuses on the voting of students of Jordanian universities. This, in turn, made women lose interest in political issues, events, and party activities. (2011), Studying gender in US politics: where do we go from here?, Politics and Gender, Vol. In 1993, Congress passed the National Voter Registration Act, also known as the motor voter law, allowing citizens to register at motor vehicle and social service offices. In terms of patient-reported outcomes after OWHTO, several preoperative factors, intraoperative procedures, and postoperative radiological parameters have been posited as candidate influencing factors. Most important, young people did not see any role or tangible achievement of the elected councils. It was made clear to the participants that their participation was voluntary, that their decision to take part in the study would not affect their routine care and that they were free to withdraw from the study at any point during the process. CBS News Report on the Rodney King Incident. Also,somesocialfactorssuchastribalaffiliationaffectsstudentsvoting.Basedontheabove: To ensure representation of women in Parliament, a quota of 15 seats was allocated for women in the 2016 Parliament, To promote the empowerment of Jordanian women by granting them more social, economic and political rights, and supporting their political participation (Atiyat, 2017, p. 109). White collar workers, women who work in the home, Parents strongly aligned with Democratic Party, Parents strongly aligned with Republican Party. Some of the factors considered in the examination of data from the 2010 AmericasBarometer survey by LAPOP include wealth, age, sex and educational level. Myron Weiner (1962) restricts his definition to voluntary actionthe activity which is designed by the actor himself to influence governmental decision-making. The number of people contacting public officials at all levels of government has risen markedly over the past three decades. 109-122. Community activism is thriving among young people who realize the importance of service that directly assists others. Voter turnout depends on the type of election. Political participation is recently one of the important political topics, as it shows the citizens' interest in political issues within their society. In 2010, only about 23 percent of eligible eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds cast a ballot (Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement). The CBS News report on the Rodney King incident included the following controversial video. After reading this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: Americans have many options for taking part in politics, including voting, contacting public officials, campaigning, running for and holding office, protesting, and volunteering. 59 No. (1997), Womens engagement in politics in the year of the woman, American Politics Quarterly, Vol. It affects both the quality and amount of participation. What political causes do you care the most about? Moreover, some studies linked between democracy and active political participation, voting, participating in campaigning, and citizen protests. Tillian, O. 73 No. The reasons of that choice are represented in: Samer (2017), Atiyat (2017), Dababneh (2012), Nahar (2012), Nahar and Humaidan (2013), Tillian (2011) emphasizis that these factors were the most important social and economic factors affecting political participation. Pengetahuan terhadap politik sangat (8) of 1974 was issued to change the political life for Jordanian women. 84-94. Also, some social factors such as tribal affiliation affects students voting. Cf. WebAttitudinal Factors. Being a public official requires a great deal of dedication, time, energy, and money. In addition, ethnic groups feel that they are marginalized within society, and they do not receive adequate political attention, So, they are reluctant to participate in voting. Jacobson, G. C., The Politics of Congressional Elections (New York: HarperCollins, 1997). Protest behavior can take many forms. People can engage in nonviolent acts of civil disobedience where they deliberately break a law that they consider to be unjust (Lipsky, 1968). University. This tactic was used effectively during the 1960s civil rights movement when African Americans sat in whites-only sections of public busses. Homana, G.A. 65 No. These universities do not represent all segments of Jordanian society. Turnout for the 2010 midterm election was 41.6 percent, compared with 41.4 percent in 2006 and 40.5 percent in 2002 (McDonald). Americans are more likely to make a financial contribution to a cause or a candidate than to donate their time. 1, pp. The more the age varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of older students. It not only stimulates political learning but also makes citizens responsible. Gender and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Age and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Family income and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Regional affiliation and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections. What do you think is the best way for you to advance those causes? Lawless, J.L. Over 25 percent of the public gave money to a cause and 17 percent contributed to a presidential candidate in 2008 (Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2008). These activities may include voting, seeking information, discussing, attending public meetings, making financial contribution, communicating with representatives to become member in a political party, canvassing, speech writing, delivering speech, working in campaigns, competing for public and party offices, etc. Voter registration also has been assisted by online registration. Report a Violation, Political Parties: The Functions and Role of Political Parties in Political Process, Lapses in Political Modernization: (6 Challenges), Voting Behaviour: Various Approaches and Determinants of Voting Behaviour. This was due to many reasons, such as womens political alienation and their belief that their ability to make a political change is still weak, etc. Solt (2008) and Brady et al. Thus, there was a difference in the ratio of voting of the Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the regional affiliation. Such factors are political exposure, political efficacy, education, income, gender, political interest, political culture, political parties, and religious beliefs. Do you think people who have committed serious crimes should be allowed to vote? What is the probability of the child becoming a strong democrat or strong republican? By involving people in the affairs of the state, participation promotes stability and order in the system. Generally, about 15 percent of Americans participate in these types of campaign activities in an election year (Verba, Schlozman, & Brady, 1995). 1-16. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Webfactors affecting participation in politics be citizens reactions to government policies and specically whether those policies are consonant with their pre-ferences? For example, refugees in any country, who are granted the right to vote in elections, while they are suffering from the shortage of basic services, they would feel discontent and in turn they would disregard voting in the elections. Webeducation, to political participation and to livelihoods, among other rights being bluntly violated. (1993), Neighborhood poverty and African American politics, American Political Science Review, Vol. This, in turn, increases their political participation (Leigh, 2018, p. 9). In the USA, the turnout has been declining since 1972, especially in presidential elections. Registered voters meet eligibility requirements and have filed the necessary paperwork that permits them to vote in a given locality. Education, gender, occupation, family, etc. Rosenstone, S. J. and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillan, 1993), 4. This was consistent with the studies of Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Homana (2018), which confirmed the low participating of young people in voting. They may attend concerts or participate in sporting events associated with causes, such as the Race for the Cure for breast cancer. Dababneh, A.B. Campaign activities 9. 560-568. 1051-1072. Some people believe that individuals who have committed a serious crime should be deprived of the privileges enjoyed by law-abiding people. WebFactors Influencing Political Participation: 1. Political parties also have an important role to play in political participation. 2, pp. [1] Following the 2008 election, RTV lobbied the Obama administration to institute fully automated online voter registration nationally. 213-221. Voter turnout in presidential elections is generally higher than for lower-level contests; usually more than half the eligible voters cast a ballot. 1, pp. Fourth: The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the Jordanian students, as there were differences in the students voting ratio in the national and local elections according to regional affiliation. Every day, millions of people voice their opinions to members of Congress. (1995), Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation, American Political Science Review, Vol. Voting 8. The reason for not choosing private universities was that they were limited to high-income students. Koch (1997) and Verba et al. Alelaimat, M.S. Psychological or cognitive traits:. In addition, the questionnaire included two section, the first is related to the four factors: Gender (malefemale), Age (8-22years old - 23-30years old), Family Income (less than 500 dinar- 500 less than 700 dinar more than 700 dinar), and regional affiliation (Jordanian Origin - Palestinian Origin). A positive side effect of fundraising campaigns is that people are made aware of candidates and issues through appeals for money (Jacobson, 1997). Linda McMahonterm-1. Consequently, high-income families can support the candidate who they chose. Some people may refuse to say the pledge of allegiance to express their dissatisfaction with government. But, since the Palestinians feel unequal, and short of accessing basic services, such as education and health care; this resulted in their decline of voting in elections. Al-Mohammad, S.M. Gender and Political Participation, The Political Quarterly Publishing, Oxford. This declining continued until the national elections in 2012, where the ratio of youth participation (ages 19-24years old) in voting was (41 per cent), and they were reluctant to engage in election campaigns and contacting elected officials. Over two hundred websites were established to rally support for protests in Seattle, Washington; Washington, DC; Quebec City, Canada; and other locations. In the US, political ideology, efficacy, structural barriers, and demographics all play a role in determining the nature and level of political participation. The protesters demanded many political and economic reforms. A questionnaire reviewed by two jurors (peer reviewers) was used to collect the data.